The Sus

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The Sus

Postby StlnSP » Thu Aug 19, 2021 9:02 am

Pig
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This article is about the genus. For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation).
Pig
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to recent
Sus Barbatus, the Bornean Bearded Pig (12616351323).jpg
Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus)
Scientific classificatione
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Suidae
Subfamily: Suinae
Genus: Sus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text
GLW 2 global distributions of b) pigs.tif
Distribution of pigs
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae. Pigs include domestic pigs and their ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa), along with other species. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents, ranging from Europe to the Pacific islands. Suids other than the pig are the babirusa of Indonesia, the pygmy hog of South Asia, the warthog of Africa, and other pig genera from Africa. The suids are a sister clade to peccaries.

Juvenile pigs are known as piglets.[1] Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.[2]

With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is among the most populous large mammals in the world.[3][4] Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food.[5] Pigs are biologically similar to humans and are thus frequently used for human medical research.[6]


Contents
1 Etymology
2 Description and behaviour
3 Distribution and evolution
4 Habitat and reproduction
5 Diet and foraging
6 Relationship with humans
6.1 Use in human healthcare
7 Species
7.1 Extant species
7.2 Recently extinct species
7.3 Fossil species
8 Domestication
9 In culture
10 Environmental damage
11 Health problems
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Etymology
The Online Etymology Dictionary provides anecdotal evidence as well as linguistic, saying that the term derives

probably from Old English *picg, found in compounds, ultimate origin unknown. Originally "young pig" (the word for adults was swine). Apparently related to Low German bigge, Dutch big ("but the phonology is difficult" -- OED). ... Another Old English word for "pig" was fearh, related to furh "furrow," from PIE *perk- "dig, furrow" (source also of Latin porc-us "pig," see pork). "This reflects a widespread IE tendency to name animals from typical attributes or activities" [Roger Lass]. Synonyms grunter, oinker are from sailors' and fishermen's euphemistic avoidance of uttering the word pig at sea, a superstition perhaps based on the fate of the Gadarene swine, who drowned.[7]

The Online Etymology Dictionary also traces the evolution of sow, the term for a female pig, through various historical languages:

Old English sugu, su "female of the swine," from Proto-Germanic *su- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old High German su, German Sau, Dutch zeug, Old Norse syr), from PIE root *su- (cognates: Sanskrit sukarah "wild boar, swine;" Avestan hu "wild boar;" Greek hys "swine;" Latin sus "swine", suinus "pertaining to swine"; Old Church Slavonic svinija "swine;" Lettish sivens "young pig;" Welsh hucc, Irish suig "swine; Old Irish socc "snout, plowshare"), possibly imitative of pig noise; note that Sanskrit sukharah means "maker of (the sound) su".

An adjectival form is porcine. Another adjectival form (technically for the subfamily rather than genus name) is suine (comparable to bovine, canine, etc.); for the family, it is suid (as with bovid, canid).

Description and behaviour

Skull of a domestic pig
(Sus scrofa domesticus)
A typical pig has a large head with a long snout that is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip.[8] The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is a very acute sense organ. Each foot has four hoofed toes, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, and the outer two also being used in soft ground.[9]

The dental formula of adult pigs is
3.1.4.3
3.1.4.3
, giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male, the canine teeth form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other.[8]

Occasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become severely stressed.[10] Some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal. Others may kill the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat them. An estimated 50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the newborn pre-weaned animals.[11]

Distribution and evolution
Sus scrofa domesticus, miniature pig, juvenile.jpg
Pig in a bucket.jpg
With around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domestic pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.[3][4]

The ancestor of the domestic pig is the wild boar, which is one of the most numerous and widespread large mammals. Its many subspecies are native to all but the harshest climates of continental Eurasia and its islands and Africa as well, from Ireland and India to Japan and north to Siberia.

Long isolated from other pigs on the many islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, pigs have evolved into many different species, including wild boar, bearded pigs, and warty pigs. Humans have introduced pigs into Australia, North and South America, and numerous islands, either accidentally as escaped domestic pigs which have gone feral, or as wild boar.

Habitat and reproduction
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) can take advantage of any forage resources. Therefore, they can live in virtually any productive habitat that can provide enough water to sustain large mammals such as pigs. If there is increased foraging of wild boars in certain areas, they can cause a nutritional shortage which can cause the pig population to decrease. If the nutritional state returns to normal, the pig population will most likely rise due to the pigs' naturally increased reproduction rate.[12]

Diet and foraging
Pigs are omnivores, which means that they consume both plants and animals. In the wild, they are foraging animals, primarily eating leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers, in addition to some insects and fish. As livestock, pigs are fed mostly corn and soybean meal[13] with a mixture of vitamins and minerals added. Traditionally, they were raised on dairy farms and called "mortgage lifters", due to their ability to use the excess milk and whey from cheese and butter making combined with pasture.[14] Older pigs will consume three to five gallons of water per day.[15] When kept as pets, the optimal healthy diet consists mainly of a balanced diet of raw vegetables, although some may give their pigs conventional mini pig pellet feed.[16]

Relationship with humans

A pig trained to find truffles
Further information: Pig farming
Most pigs today are domesticated pigs raised for meat (known as pork). Miniature breeds are commonly kept as pets.[16] Because of their foraging abilities and excellent sense of smell, people in many European countries use them to find truffles. Both wild and feral pigs are commonly hunted.


A Finnish Christmas ham made from pork
Apart from meat, pig skin is turned into leather, and their hairs are used to make brushes. The relatively short, stiff, coarse pig hairs are called bristles, and were once so commonly used in paintbrushes that in 1946 the Australian Government launched Operation Pig Bristle. In May 1946, in response to a shortage of pig bristles for paintbrushes to paint houses in the post-World War II construction boom, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) flew in 28 short tons of pig bristles from China, their only commercially available source at the time.[17]

Use in human healthcare
Main article: Domestic pig § In human healthcare
Human skin is very similar to pig skin, therefore many preclinical studies employ pig skin.[18][19] In addition to providing use in biomedical research[18][19] and for drug testing,[20] genetic advances in human healthcare have provided a pathway for domestic pigs to become xenotransplantation candidates for humans.[21]

Species

Pig 'oink'
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Oink!
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Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus)

Skeleton of foot
The genus Sus is currently thought to contain eight living species. Several extinct species (†) are known from fossils.

Extant species
Sus ahoenobarbus Huet, 1888 – Palawan bearded pig
Sus barbatus Müller, 1838 - Bornean bearded pig
Sus cebifrons Heude, 1888 – Visayan warty pig
Sus celebensis Müller & Schlegel, 1843 – Celebes warty pig or Sulawesi warty pig
Sus oliveri Groves, 1997 – Oliver's warty pig or Mindoro warty pig
Sus philippensis Nehring, 1886 – Philippine warty pig
Sus scrofa – Wild boar Linnaeus, 1758
Sus scrofa domestica Erxleben, 1777 – Domestic pig (sometimes treated as a full species)
Sus verrucosus Boie, 1832 – Javan warty pig
The pygmy hog, formerly Sus salvanius, is now placed in the monotypic genus Porcula.[22]

Recently extinct species
†Sus bucculentus Heude, 1892 – Heude's pig or Indochinese (or Vietnam) warty pig (possibly extinct since the late 20th - early 21st century; dubious species, may be synonymous with S. scrofa)
Fossil species
†Sus australis Han, 1987 – Early Pleistocene of China
†Sus bijiashanensis Han et al., 1975 – Early Pleistocene of China
†Sus falconeri – Pleistocene of the Siwalik region, India
†Sus houi Qi et al., 1999 – Pleistocene of China
†Sus hysudricus Falconer and Cautley 1847 – Pliocene of India
†Sus jiaoshanensis Zhao, 1980 – Early Pleistocene of China
†Sus liuchengensis Han, 1987 – Early Pleistocene of China
†Sus lydekkeri Zdansky, 1928 – Pleistocene of China
†Sus officinalis Koenigswald, 1933 – Middle Pleistocene of China
†Sus peii Han, 1987 – Early Pleistocene of China
†Sus subtriquetra Xue, 1981
†Sus strozzi Forsyth Major, 1881 - Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Europe
†Sus xiaozhu Han et al., 1975 – Early Pleistocene of China
Domestication

Swedish pig farmer with piglet, early 20th century

Green glazed model of a toilet with a pigsty, China, Eastern Han dynasty, 25–220 CE
Main article: Domestic pig
Pigs have been domesticated since ancient times in the Old World. Pigs were domesticated on each end of Eurasia, and possibly several times.[23] It is now thought that pigs were attracted to human settlements for the food scraps, and that the process of domestication began as a commensal relationship.[24] Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans from wild boar as early as 13,000–12,700 BP in the Near East in the Tigris Basin,[25] Çayönü, Cafer Höyük, Nevalı Çori.[26] Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BP in Cyprus that must have been introduced from the mainland which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then.[27]

Pigs were also domesticated in China, potentially more than once.[28] In some parts of China pigs were kept in pens from early times, separating them from wild populations and allowing farmers to create breeds that were fatter and bred more quickly.[29] Early Modern Europeans brought these breeds back home and crossed them with their own pigs, which was the origins of most modern pig breeds.[30]

In India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time mostly in Goa and some rural areas for pig toilets. This practice also occurred in China. Though ecologically logical as well as economical, pig toilets are waning in popularity as use of septic tanks and/or sewerage systems is increasing in rural areas.

Hernando de Soto and other early Spanish explorers brought pigs to southeastern North America from Europe. As in Medieval Europe, pigs are valued on certain oceanic islands for their self-sufficiency, which allows them to be turned loose, although the practice does have drawbacks (see environmental impact).

The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is usually given the scientific name Sus scrofa, although some taxonomists call it S. domesticus, reserving S. scrofa for the wild boar. It was domesticated approximately 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The upper canines form sharp distinctive tusks that curve outward and upward. Compared to other artiodactyles, their head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Their head and body length ranges from 0.9 to 1.8 m (35 to 71 in) and they can weigh between 50 and 350 kg (110 and 770 lb).

In November 2012, scientists managed to sequence the genome of the domestic pig. The similarities between the pig and human genomes mean that the new data may have wide applications in the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.[31][32][33]

In August 2015, a study looked at over 100 pig genome sequences to ascertain their process of domestication. The process of domestication was assumed to have been initiated by humans, involved few individuals and relied on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. The study found that the assumption of reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks was not supported. The study indicated that pigs were domesticated separately in Western Asia and China, with Western Asian pigs introduced into Europe where they crossed with wild boar. A model that fitted the data included admixture with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene. The study also found that despite back-crossing with wild pigs, the genomes of domestic pigs have strong signatures of selection at DNA loci that affect behavior and morphology. The study concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals.[34] [35]

In culture

Title page of Canzone Sopra La Porcellina ("Song on the Piglet") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1622
Main article: Pigs in culture
Pigs have been important in culture across the world since neolithic times. They appear in art, literature, and religion. In Asia the wild boar is one of 12 animal images comprising the Chinese zodiac, while in Europe the boar represents a standard charge in heraldry. In Islam and Judaism pigs and those who handle them are viewed negatively, and the consumption of pork is forbidden.[36][37] Pigs are alluded to in animal epithets and proverbs.[38][39] The pig has been celebrated throughout Europe since ancient times in its carnivals, the name coming from the Italian carne levare, the lifting of meat.[40]

Pigs have been brought into literature for varying reasons, ranging from the pleasures of eating, as in Charles Lamb's A Dissertation upon Roast Pig, to William Golding's Lord of the Flies (with the fat character "Piggy"), where the rotting boar's head on a stick represents Beelzebub, "lord of the flies" being the direct translation of the Hebrew בעל זבוב, and George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, where the central characters, representing Soviet leaders, are all pigs.[41][42][43][40]

Environmental damage

Feral pigs (razorbacks) in Florida
Main article: Environmental impacts of pig farming
Domestic pigs that have escaped from urban areas or were allowed to forage in the wild, and in some cases wild boars which were introduced as prey for hunting, have given rise to large populations of feral pigs in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and other areas where pigs are not native. Accidental or deliberate releases of pigs into countries or environments where they are an alien species have caused extensive environmental change. Their omnivorous diet, aggressive behaviour, and their feeding method of rooting in the ground all combine to severely alter ecosystems unused to pigs. Pigs will even eat small animals and destroy nests of ground nesting birds.[8] The Invasive Species Specialist Group lists feral pigs on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species and says:[44]

Feral pigs like other introduced mammals are major drivers of extinction and ecosystem change. They have been introduced into many parts of the world, and will damage crops and home gardens as well as potentially spreading disease. They uproot large areas of land, eliminating native vegetation and spreading weeds. This results in habitat alteration, a change in plant succession and composition and a decrease in native fauna dependent on the original habitat.

Health problems
See also: Swine influenza
Because of their biological similarities, pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans. Examples of such zoonoses include trichinosis, Taenia solium, cysticercosis, and brucellosis. Pigs also host large concentrations of parasitic ascarid worms in their digestive tracts.[45]

Some strains of influenza are endemic in pigs, the most significant of which are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2, the former of which has caused several outbreaks among humans, including the Spanish flu, 1977 Russian flu pandemic, and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. Pigs also can acquire human influenza.[46]
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Re: The Sus

Postby ICECLIMBERS » Thu Aug 19, 2021 10:54 am

Sus (French pronunciation: ​[sy]) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France. The town is located near Susmiou, Gurs and Navarrenx. The population was 376 as of 2018.[2]

Sus
Commune
The town hall and school
The town hall and school
Location of Sus
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Sus is located in FranceSusSus
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Coordinates: 43°18′26″N 0°45′55″W
Country
France
Region
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Department
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Arrondissement
Oloron-Sainte-Marie
Canton
Le Cœur de Béarn
Intercommunality
Béarn des Gaves
Government
• Mayor (2014–2020)
Marie-Jean Lassalle
Area1
11.50 km2 (4.44 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2018)[1]
376
• Density
33/km2 (85/sq mi)
Time zone
UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
64529 /64190
Elevation
118–263 m (387–863 ft)
(avg. 164 m or 538 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Geography Edit

Location Edit
Sus is in the Oloron-Sainte-Marie arrondissement in the southern part of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Sus is 1.4km (0.9mi) from Susmiou, 1.8km (1.1mi) from Navarrenx, 2.5km (1.6mi) from Gurs, 13.2km (8.2mi) from Mourenx, 32.1km (19.9mi) from Pau, and 60.8km (37.8mi) from Bayonne. It sits west of the Gave d'Oloron river. On the opposite side of the river is Jasses.
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Re: The Sus

Postby Ezradekezra » Thu Aug 19, 2021 11:18 am

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Look up sus or Sus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Sus or SUS may refer to:

Contents
Places
Kingdom of Sus, a name for the southwestern part of Morocco from the 13th to 19th centuries
Sus, Azerbaijan, a village
Sus, Iran, a village
Sus, Pune, India, a neighborhood
Sus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France, a commune
Susch, Graubünden, Switzerland, a municipality formerly called Süs
People
Martin Sus (footballer, born 1989), Czech footballer
Martin Sus (footballer, born 1990), Czech footballer
Stepan Sus (born 1981), Ukrainian Greek Catholic bishop
Education
Shanghai University of Sport, China
State University System of Florida, United States
Health
Sistema Único de Saúde, Brazil's publicly funded health care system
Stavanger University Hospital (Norwegian: Stavanger Universitetssykehus) in Norway
Science and technology
Sus (genus), the genus containing pigs
Saybolt universal second, a unit of viscosity
Single UNIX Specification, a group of computer standards
Software Update Services, a software updating tool from Microsoft
Stochastic universal sampling
System usability scale, in systems engineering
Sport
Club SuS 1896 Bremen, a defunct German association football club
Scottish Universities Sport, a professional body for university sport
Other uses
Sus (film), a 2010 British film
Sus (meme), an internet meme related to the video game Among Us, meaning "suspect" or "suspicious"
Spirit of St. Louis Airport in St. Louis, Missouri, United States
Susu language of Guinea and Sierra Leone
Suspended chord, in music
Young Independents (Icelandic: Ungir sjálfstæðismenn), the youth wing of the Independence Party of Iceland
See also
Sus law, formerly allowing broad powers to the police in Britain to stop and search
Sus al-Aksa, a former town in what is now Morocco
Suspicion (emotion), a feeling of distrust or perceived guilt for someone or something
Suss (disambiguation)
Disambiguation icon
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title SUS.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Last edited 9 days ago by Hellknowz

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Re: The Sus

Postby CheezePie » Tue Aug 24, 2021 1:04 am

System Usability Scale (SUS)
The System Usability Scale (SUS) provides a “quick and dirty”, reliable tool for measuring the usability. It consists of a 10 item questionnaire with five response options for respondents; from Strongly agree to Strongly disagree. Originally created by John Brooke in 1986, it allows you to evaluate a wide variety of products and services, including hardware, software, mobile devices, websites and applications.

Benefits of using a SUS
SUS has become an industry standard, with references in over 1300 articles and publications. The noted benefits of using SUS include that it:

  • Is a very easy scale to administer to participants
  • Can be used on small sample sizes with reliable results
  • Is valid – it can effectively differentiate between usable and unusable systems

Considerations when using a SUS
If you are considering using a SUS, keep the following in mind:

  • The scoring system is somewhat complex
  • There is a temptation, when you look at the scores, since they are on a scale of 0-100, to interpret them as percentages, they are not
  • The best way to interpret your results involves “normalizing” the scores to produce a percentile ranking
  • SUS is not diagnostic - its use is in classifying the ease of use of the site, application or environment being tested

The System Usability Scale
When a SUS is used, participants are asked to score the following 10 items with one of five responses that range from Strongly Agree to Strongly disagree:

  1. I think that I would like to use this system frequently.
  2. I found the system unnecessarily complex.
  3. I thought the system was easy to use.
  4. I think that I would need the support of a technical person to be able to use this system.
  5. I found the various functions in this system were well integrated.
  6. I thought there was too much inconsistency in this system.
  7. I would imagine that most people would learn to use this system very quickly.
  8. I found the system very cumbersome to use.
  9. I felt very confident using the system.
  10. I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get going with this system.
The questionnaire and scoring are outlined in the System Usability Scale (SUS) Template.

Interpreting Scores
Interpreting scoring can be complex. The participant’s scores for each question are converted to a new number, added together and then multiplied by 2.5 to convert the original scores of 0-40 to 0-100. Though the scores are 0-100, these are not percentages and should be considered only in terms of their percentile ranking.

Based on research, a SUS score above a 68 would be considered above average and anything below 68 is below average, however the best way to interpret your results involves “normalizing” the scores to produce a percentile ranking.

The references at the end of this page and the template provide more information in context about the process.

References
  • SUS: A Quick and Dirty Usability Scale Site exit disclaimer by John Brooke
  • Measuring Usability with the System Usability Scale (SUS) Site exit disclaimer by Jeff Sauro
  • SUS: A Retrospective Site exit disclaimer by John Brooke
  • Determining What Individual SUS Scores Mean: Adding an Adjective Rating Scale Site exit disclaimer by Kortum Bangor and Miller May
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